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Caring for the Patient and the Family in the Last Hours of Life

Recognition of the signs and symptoms that are common in the final hours of life and a basic understanding of how to manage these signs and symptoms are important to helping the patient and family experience a good death in the home setting. The most common signs and symptoms, including pain, dyspnea, and terminal restlessness or delirium, and their management are discussed. Also addressed are other signs and symptoms, such as cardiovascular signs and symptoms including cold extremities, mottling, and changes in vital signs; respiratory signs and symptoms such as changes in breathing pattern, noisy breathing, and mandibular breathing; and neurological signs and symptoms such as disorientation, sensory changes, and semicomatose state. Changes in metabolism such as fatigue, surge of energy, and increased temperature are presented, along with decreased intake, excretion, and communication changes.

Key Words: terminal care • dying process • family coping • comfort care

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